การใช้ contraction

Contractions

We often "contract" or shorten words in English. For example, we may say "he's" instead of "he is". Note that we usually insert an apostrophe (') in place of the missing letter or letters in writing. Here are some example sentences:

·         I haven't seen him. (I have not seen him.)

·         Who's calling? (Who is calling?)

·         They're coming. (They are coming.)

We do this especially when we speak. We do not contract words so much in writing

These pages show the most common contracted forms.

·         Positive Contractions

·         Negative Contractions

·         Other Contractions

·         Informal Contractions

Positive Contractions

Notes

Be careful. Some contractions can have two or three meanings. For example, he'd can be he had or he would. It depends on the rest of the sentence. Look at these examples:

• He'd like to go. (He would like to go.)
• He'd finished when I arrived. (He had finished when I arrived.)

The contraction 's (= is or has) is not used only with pronouns. It can also be used with nouns, names, question words and words like "here" and "there", for example: The train's late. John's arrived. Where's the phone? Here's your change. There's a policeman.

Short form		Long form
I'm		I am
I've		I have
I'll		I will/I shall
I'd		I would/I should/I had
you're		you are
you've		you have
you'll		you will
you'd		you had/you would
he's		he has/he is
he'll		he will
he'd		he had/he would
she's		she has/she is
she'll		she will
she'd		she had/she would
it's		it has/it is
it'll		it will
we're		we are
we've		we have
we'll		we will
we'd		we had/we would
they're		they are
they've		they have
they'll		they will
they'd		they had/they would
Negative Contractions Notes With the verb "to be", two negative forms are possible - we aren't or we're not etc. In questions, am not is contracted to aren't, for example: I'm late, aren't I? Short form Long form aren't are not can't cannot, can not couldn't could not daren't dare not didn't did not doesn't does not don't do not hasn't has not haven't have not hadn't had not isn't is not mayn't may not mightn't might not mustn't must not needn't need not oughtn't ought not shan't shall not shouldn't should not wasn't was not weren't were not won't will not wouldn't would not

 

 

Other Contractions

Here are some more examples showing some very common contractions.

It is possible, and common, to contract three words, for example: I'd've thought so = I would have thought so.

Short form	Long form	Example
here's	here is	Here's your meal.
there'll	there will	There'll be nobody here tomorrow.
there's	there is	There's a taxi!
that's	that is	That's my car!
that'll	that will	That'll be $10, please.
how's	how is?	How's your wife?
what'll	what will?	What'll people think?
what's	what is?	What's the matter?
when's	when is?	When's the wedding?
where's	where is?	Where's the cinema?
who's	who is?	Who's your teacher?
who'd	who would?	Who'd like ice-cream?
who'll	who will?	Who'll be there?

Informal Contractions

Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang.

For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say "going to" very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like "gonna".

Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip, that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech.

It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English.
Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not usually use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written.

Listed below are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely. For example:

• What are you going to do? >>
• Whatcha going to do? >>
• Whatcha gonna do?

or

• Do you want a beer?
• Do you wanna beer?
• D'you wanna beer?       
  
• D'ya wanna beer?
• Ya wanna beer?
• Wanna beer?

These informal contractions are not "correct" English. Do not use them in a written exam, for example, except in appropriate situations.

• ain't = am not/are not/is not
  I ain't sure.
  You ain't my boss.
• ain't = has not/have not
  I ain't done it.
  She ain't finished yet.
• gimme = give me
  Gimme your money.
  Don't gimme that rubbish.
  Can you gimme a hand?
• gonna = going to
  Nothing's gonna change my love for you.
  I'm not gonna tell you.
  What are you gonna do?
• gotta = (have) got a
  I've gotta gun.
  I gotta gun.
  She hasn't gotta penny.
  Have you gotta car?
• gotta = (have) got to
  I've gotta go now.
  I gotta go now.
  We haven't gotta do that.
  Have they gotta work?
• kinda = kind of
  She's kinda cute.
• lemme = let me
  Lemme go!
• wanna = want to
  I wanna go home.
• wanna = want a
  I wanna coffee.

 การใช้ Apostrophe s ('s)

          Apostrophe ได้แก่ เครื่องหมาย “'s” หรือ “ ' ” คือเครื่องหมายเพื่อแสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ กับคนและสิ่งที่มีชีวิต มีหลักการใช้ ดังนี้
            1. เติม 's หลังคำนามเอกพจน์ทั่วไป เช่น
                 - The lady's handbag is expensive. กระเป๋าถือของสตรีมีราคาแพง
                 - My uncle's house is at the corner. บ้านของลุงของฉันอยู่ตรงมุมนั้น
                 - The woman's dress is very dear. ชุดแต่งตัวของผู้หญิงราคาแพงมาก
            2. เติม 's หลังคำนามพหูพจน์ที่มิได้ลงท้ายด้วย s เช่น
                 - The children's toys were bought from Japan. ของเล่นของเด็กๆ ซื้อมาจากประเทศญี่ปุ่น
                 - The women's hats are beautiful. หมวกของพวกผู้หญิงสวย
            3. นามที่เป็นชื่อเฉพาะและนามสกุลที่ลงท้ายด้วย s นิยมเติมแต่ ' เท่านั้น แต่ถ้าจะเติม 's ก็ไม่ถือว่าผิด เช่น
                 - Dicken's novels are very popular in the world. นวนิยายของดิกเก้นส์เป็นที่นิยมกันมากทั่วโลก
                 - Everyone likes Venus's beauty. (Venus' beauty) ใครๆ ก็ชอบความสวยของวีนัสทั้งนั้น
                 - I will do this for James's sake. (James' sake) ผมจะทำสิ่งนี้ให้ก็เพื่อเห็นแก่เจมส์
            4. เติมเฉพาะ ' หลังนามพหูพจน์ที่ลงท้ายด้วย s เช่น
                 - The pupils' parents have never come to the school. พ่อแม่ของเด็กนักเรียนเหล่านี้ไม่เคยมาโรงเรียน
                 - I saw the princesses' crowns in the National Museum. ฉันได้เห็นมงกุฎของเจ้าหญิงในพิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ

ที่มา:www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/contractions.htm

 

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